Challenges of Teaching Students with Ebd free essay sample

There is a lot of discussion and disarray when characterizing enthusiastic or conduct issue (EBD). Until 1997 this classification was distinguished as genuine enthusiastic unsettling influence (SED). With the production of IDEA in 1997 this class was changed to enthusiastic unsettling influence (ED). While the central government despite everything utilizes ED as there recognizing classification for this incapacity, most experts allude to it as enthusiastic or social issue (EBD). The distinguishing names are by all account not the only errors between experts who work with these youngsters and the administration. The government characterizes enthusiastic unsettling influence as displaying attributes that unfavorably influences instructive presentation over a significant stretch of time. More than one trademark must exist and in a specific degree. These qualities include: trouble learning without the present of different variables, unacceptable associations with companions and educators, wrong practices and sentiments, advancement of physical side effects when issues emerge (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, amp; Shriner, 2009). While it is noteworthy that this issue is characterized as an incapacity by the national government, in this way offering fundamental types of assistance for these understudies, it is imperfect. There comes up short on a particular models in the time allotment and the level of side effects. The Mental Health and Special Education Association adjusted a definition that is accepted to be progressively utilitarian while recognizing understudies with EBD. They characterize enthusiastic or social issue as: â€Å"exhibiting passionate or conduct reactions in school programs are so not quite the same as suitable age, social, or ethnic standards that the reaction unfavorably influence instructive performance† Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, 1990). They note that this effects scholarly, social, professional or individual abilities for in excess of a normal timeframe as a reaction to a distressing circumstance. The practices must be exhibited across two settings, one being school and are not diminished by guidance in the general instruction study hall (Health and Special Education Coalition, 1990). The definition incorporates the declaration that this incapacity can coincide with others handicaps. The National School Boards Association dismissed this definition when introduced and keeps on utilizing their definition as the device for characterizing youngsters in this incapacity class. They felt that the definition would fundamentally build the quantity of understudies recognized as having a handicap under the ED class (Yell et al, 2009). Debate remains concerning the meaning of ED, which could cause postponements or absence of vital mediation administrations for some, understudies experiencing EBD. A huge test in arranging understudies inside the EBD class is that they can exist together with different handicaps. Understudies can be misclassified as a having another inability or carefully be believed to be degenerate. This is because of the way that numerous instructors can't perceive the attributes of understudies with EBD. Understudies with enthusiastic or conduct unsettling influences are intellectually in the normal or better than expected range, however reliably perform underneath ordinary. These scholarly shortfalls can be ascribed to instructors not understanding this classification of inability and not giving the fundamental backings, conduct methodologies, powerful instructional systems or educational program to address their issues. Understudies with EBD may likewise have a language issue. As a rule when a kid can't adequately impart they will utilize wrong practices until they get familiar with the essential relational abilities (Yell et al, 2009). Understudies with EBD are as often as possible restrained for school infractions. The primary strategy by numerous schools is to train understudies when they don't adhere to the standard. While this can be compelling, the instructor must decide the predecessor of the conduct with the end goal for this to be a viable redirection from submitting a similar infraction. This can be trying for a school in the event that they have not had the best possible preparing to play out a useful conduct examination. It can likewise be tedious to gather the essential information, yet in the event that we need to change undesired practices we should realize what the predecessor is and the result that might be strengthening the conduct. In the event that an understudy is attempting to escape going to class, at that point restraining them with a suspension would just fortify them to play out the equivalent unseemly conduct once more. Another test for understudies with EBD is the capacity to cooperate with friends and grown-ups to make significant connections. Instructors might be ignorant that their own social associations with their understudies sway their conduct also. On the off chance that an educator centers around a student’s unseemly practices and just gives consideration for those practices, the understudy will be bound to proceed with the undesired conduct. A decent dependable guideline is to give three positives to each negative. Another test for EBD is the absence of understanding concerning powerful techniques to work with this understudy populace. On the off chance that teachers are not in the custom curriculum office, they likely don't have a lot of understanding on this incapacity. Instructors may see these understudies as rebellious and not give them the fundamental intercessions to assist them with being fruitful. Scholastic intercessions ought to remember drawing in educational program with a hands for approach (Yell et al, 2009). Conduct intercessions have demonstrated fruitful when working with understudies with EBD. As referenced already, playing out a practical conduct examination can help distinguish practices, their forerunners and outcome. When this information is gathered a positive conduct bolster plan can be actualized to support the understudy. Techniques should be school wide and inside every homeroom. Positive practices supports to forestall and intercede can assist understudies with diminishing undesired practices and increment favored practices. These techniques must be actualized over all situations to be best. When settling on instructive choices for understudies with inabilities, nobody individual should settle on that choice. It requires the information and coordinated effort of the whole custom curriculum group to guarantee that the student’s needs are being met, the sum total of what elements have been thought of, and that the required procedures are proper and can be executed over all situations. The custom curriculum group can comprise of: an extraordinary teacher, a general instructor, a second in command, a parent, and a school analyst. Their jobs may shift, yet all have a similar objective at the top of the priority list, to give the understudy a suitable instruction as characterized by IDEA. The extraordinary teacher gives data about how to instruct the understudy. She will work with the understudy all the time and give contribution on the essential facilities dependent on the student’s needs. The extraordinary teacher can likewise give separation of educational plan/guidance and make proper IEP objectives (NICHCY, 2010). The general teacher knows the substance measures for his evaluation level and subject. He can recognize where the studentâ currently is and where they ought to be. In view of that data he can give the group contribution on what the following movement ought to be to get the understudy to the following degree of accomplishment. He can give knowledge on what beneficial guides and intercession administrations are important to enable the understudy to be effective in his study hall. The general teacher will screen the advancement of the student’s IEP objective in his branch of knowledge. The second in command on the SPED group serves the job of the â€Å"representative of the open agency† answerable for the student’s training as recognized under the IDEA (NICHCY, 2010). The VP will direct to guarantee that uncommonly planned guidance is given to the understudy. He likewise has the position to focus on assets and guarantee that the administrations depicted in the IEP will be given to the understudy. The school analyst can give data on the instructional ramifications of the child’s assessments. He has done evaluations including, the BASC-II, the ABAS, and the DSM-III. In view of appraisal results he will give criticism on fitting guidance to meet the child’s needs (NICHCY, 2010). A significant individual from the SPED group is the parent. She has understanding into the youngster that isn't visible in the instructive setting. She can give knowledge with regards to how the understudy reacts to comparable circumstances at home. parent can likewise help recognize the qualities and shortcomings of her kid. She can give contribution on IEP objectives with respect to what objectives are generally essential to her and her kid. The parent will share data on learning styles, premiums, and give an outline of past learning encounters. The symptomatic group is contained experts who deliberately put and offer vital types of assistance for understudies. When working with understudies with EBD, this can be a test. Hitherto the group has worries with distinguishing understudies with EBD, as the government definition doesn't give points of interest, as two what time span a conduct must happen to be considered EBD. Likewise, the group is worried that the standards isn't explicit enough in what number of setting the kid should show the practices and how much. With the absence of data distinguished under the IDEA 2004 it makes it amazingly hard to recognize these understudies. A few understudies thought to be EBD, likewise have different incapacities and the group isn't sure if that is the hidden reason for the practices. The group thinks about whether an understudy falling in the Autism classification can likewise be ordered as EBD. With so much vulnerability the SPED group depends vigorously on outside assets, for example, formative and social pediatricians for the finding of EBD. As a group they will make a suggestion, in the wake of managing the ABAS and DSM-III if the understudy is suspe

Questions on Macro Economics Essay Example

Inquiries on Macro Economics Essay Que According to the Keynesian perspective on cash, there are three reasons why individuals hold cash. Quickly portray the three (3) thought processes in holding cash and the principle determinants of every one of these cash adjusts. (15/15) According to the Keynesian perspective on cash, there are three intentions in holding cash. These thought processes are transactionary intentions, preparatory and theoretical rationale. Transactionary thought process This is the interest for cash as a mode of trade. Cash is required for everyday costs or everyday acquisition of merchandise and enterprises. Cash is traded for products and ventures that cook for the requirements and needs of clients. The products may include the most fundamental ones, for example, food, water and safe house just as dress. Prudent rationale Money as a store of significant worth can be utilized to cook for vulnerabilities. Individuals want cash to cook for these vulnerabilities that may affect on their lives. Surprising catastrophes, for example, demise, floods, hailstorms, etc may build the interest to hold cash as a precautionary measure. Anyway certain financial conditions, for example, the pace of expansion may have extraordinary ramifications on the interest for cash for preparatory thought processes. We will compose a custom exposition test on Questions on Macro Economics explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Questions on Macro Economics explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Questions on Macro Economics explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In the event that the financing cost is excessively high, the interest for cash for preparatory intentions increments. Theoretical rationale Money as a store of significant worth can be request as a result of hypothesis or desires. Theory impactsly affects liquidity inclination. The liquidity inclination can be dictated by a few factors, for example, the pace of expansion and loan cost. On the off chance that people or family units for instance anticipate a sharp increment in the cost of products, the interest for cash as a theoretical intention diminishes as the dread that the estimation of their cash will be lost because of swelling. On the off chance that individuals anticipate a sharp abatement in the cost of products, the interest to hold cash will increment as they realize that, they will have the option to purchase more.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 4 of 22 The interest to hold cash as a transactionary rationale is known as dynamic equalization. Cash held for prudent and theoretical thought process is known as inert parity. When all is said in done there is a converse connection between holding cash as inert equalization and loan cost. The higher the financing cost the more prominent the liquidity inclination or interest for cash for preparatory and theoretical thought process. . 2 List the three (3) fundamental infusions into the roundabout progression of pay and spending and two (2) spillages from the round progression of salary and spending. (5/5) Injections into the roundabout stream are: a. Installments made by the outside part to the nation for sends out. b. Speculations by outside firms into a nation. c. Government sponsorships and installments for products and ventures. Spillages from the roundabout progression of salary and spending are: a. Installments for imports to the outside division. b. Installment of burdened to the administration. QUESTION 3 [20/20] 3. Keynesian Theory underscored a functioning job for government in keeping up the full work level of national livelihoods. An economy liberated from government mediation couldn't guarantee an adequate degree of interest. Assuming, in any case, government balanced the degree of infusions and withdrawals, the degree of monetary movement could be controlled through the multiplier impact. Quickly depict what is implied by the multiplier impact. (5/5) The multiplier impact alludes to changes in national or harmony pay or yield coming about because of changes if consumption parts. The outcome is consistently a various of the consumption, which suggests that the outcome is consistently higher that the underlying charge at the end of the day it is a different of the underlying charge. An adjustment in infusion, state utilization (C), venture (I), Government consumption (G) and fares (X) brings about a greater change fair and square of national yield or salary. The multiplier deals with the bit of the infusion that is diverted into the roundabout stream. In the event that along these lines is influenced by such withdrawals as investment funds, duties and imports. In an open economy, the multiplier is given by the accompanying recipe: 1 †C (1 †t) tm Where c, t and m speak to the affinities to shopper and import which are withdrawals from the round stream. 3. 2 Explain utilizing an AS/AD graph, the effect of an expansion in efficiency without an expansion in compensation on the total interest and gracefully bends. If you don't mind guarantee that you show all naming on your chart. (15/15)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 5 of 22 The effect of an expansion in efficiency without an expansion in compensation on AD and AS bends. AD1 AD E2 Price P P2 P0 P1 E0 E1 AS AS1 AS AD1 AS1 AD Y 0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Total Output Y From the figure over, the first cost is P0 and the national pay is comparable to Y0. The economy is in balance at E0. An expansion in profitability moves the total gracefully bend to one side from AS to AS1. With the new flexibly bend, the balance movements to E1 at a value P1 and salary Y1. Consequently an expansion in profitability diminishes the cost down to P1 and expands national salary to Y1 from Y0. In the event that there was an expansion in compensation this would have moved the total interest bend to AD, AD1 and expanded the normal cost with a resultant higher yield. QUESTION 4. 1 [20/20] Briefly talk about the issues confronting less created nations which clarify why, as a gathering, LDCs will in general be more unfortunate than created nations. (15/15) LDC’s for the most part have an a lot higher populace development than Developed nations. Quick populace development can make issues in light of the fact that new openings must be made so as to oblige the expansion in the work power. In the event that this can't be accomplished, at that point joblessness will increment and this will likewise affect the nature of the prosperity of the general public just as weight on  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Smart response Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 6 of 22 training and wellbeing administrations ailing in quality and amount. The other issue looked by LDC’s is that the nature of the work power will in general be low. An enormous number of LDC’s don’t approach regular assets, for example, mineral stores, vitality sources and agrarian land for instance in the tropics where the atmosphere isn't ideal for cultivating and in these territories harvests and domesticated animals ailments are normal. Those with the mineral stores may not be in the situation to gain admittance to capital with the end goal for them to remove these minerals. Most LDC’s utilize conventional techniques for cultivating and land proprietorship frameworks because of this farming profitability are extremely low. In certain social orders the land is claimed by the network and not by the people thusly and individual may not be spurred to ensure or improve the dirt since others will profit without bearing an expense. Farming improvement is accordingly hindered. The other issue that LDC’s face is that their framework is commonly ineffectively evolved. Force age frameworks, streets, correspondence frameworks just as lodging offices are deficient. This will in general influence access to the business sectors and furthermore this makes it hard for firms in these nations to abuse economies of scale similarly that those organizations in created nations do. There is additionally the issue of basic deficiency of capital products and access to fund so as to advance financial turn of events. LDC’s don't have their own capital merchandise ventures and they need to import them, and this will realize another issue of lack of remote money. LDC’s depend on outside guide, remote credits and outside direct speculations to buy capital products. 4. Name the four (4) key market-arranged approach instruments through which money related strategy is led in South Africa. (5/5) The four arrangement instruments are settlement strategy, open market approach, intercession in remote trade markets and open obligation the board. QUESTION 5. 1 [20/20] The South African Reserve Bank utilizes three unique proportions of the amount of cash, to be specific M1, M2 and M3. Clarify what these measures (M1, M2 and M3) comprise of. (6/6) M1 alludes to all notes and coins available for use just as all interest stores. M2 alludes to M1 and furthermore incorporates short to medium term stores. M3 is comprised of M1 and M2 and furthermore incorporates all drawn out stores. 5. 2 Use request and flexibly examination to graphically represent and clarify the financial effect of an import duty on a decent, for example, materials. Your diagram and clarification must show the circumstance without global exchange and after the economy is opened up to universal exchange. (11/11) The diagram underneath outlines the financial effect of an import levy on a decent, for example, materials:  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 7 of 22 P AD AS Price P0 E0 Pt SW Pw AS 0 Q1 Q2 Q0 Q4 Q5 AD Q QUANTITY 5. 3. Rundown three (3) segments of the equalization of installments. (3/3) without global exchange the material market, total interest (AD) and total gracefully (AS) are at balance at E0, where cost is P0 and amount is Q0. The economy is opened up to universal exchange. The world gracefully of materials is presently reflected by SW. this is a level gracefully bend that mirrors that at the world cost of Pw, a boundless amount of materials is accessible for flexibly. This is a huge reduction in cost from the balance cost of P0. At the world cost of Pw, the local providers are just capable and ready to gracefully a

What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like and Is It Treatable

What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like and Is It Treatable Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print Signs and Treatments of Panic Attacks Panic attacks are common symptoms of anxiety and mood disorders By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 22, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions Panic attacks are the most common symptom associated with the diagnosis of panic disorder. However, they can occur with a variety of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as other medical conditions.   What Is It Like to Have a Panic Attack? Stephan Zabel/E/Getty Images A panic attack can be described as an intense feeling of fear or extreme nervousness that is brought on abruptly. Typically, these feelings of terror and apprehension occur without warning and disproportionate to the actual threat or danger. Panic attacks often last for a brief duration. However, the effects of a panic attack can linger for several hours following the initial attack. Panic attacks frequently involve a combination of emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. For example, when experiencing a panic attack, a person may feel embarrassed or distraught over their symptoms. A variety of somatic symptoms can occur, including sweating, shaking and chest pain. The person may fear that they might lose control of their body or mind. Overall, these symptoms can lead to feelings of terror, causing the person to want to escape from their situation. How Can a Doctor Diagnose My Panic Attacks? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, (DSM-5) lists a set of distinct criteria for panic attacks. According to the DSM, a panic attack involves a sudden fear accompanied by four or more of the following symptoms: Panic Attack Symptoms Heart palpitations  or accelerated heart rateExcessive sweatingTrembling or shakingShortness of breathFeeling of chokingChest painNausea  or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faintDerealization or depersonalizationFear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingFeelings of numbness or tingling sensationsChills or hot flushes Your doctor will also want to rule out the possibility of any separate medical conditions or related and co-occurring conditions. Are All Panic Attacks the Same? Not all panic attacks are experienced in the same way. The following describes the three categories of panic attacks: Unexpected (un-cued) panic attacks: These attacks occur suddenly without any internal or external  cues.Situation bound (cued) panic attacks: These attacks occur when a person is subjected to or is anticipating a particular trigger. For example, a person with a fear of heights may have a panic attack when inside of a tall building.Situational predisposed panic attacks: These attacks are similar to cued panic attacks, but do not always occur after subjection to a feared situation. These attacks also don’t always occur at the time the person is exposed to the trigger. For instance, a person who has a fear of flying may not always have a panic attack while on a plane or may have one after being on a flight for several hours. Uncued Unexpected panic attack that occurs out of the blue Cued Panic attack after exposure to trigger (frightening thought or experience) If I Have Panic Attacks, Does That Mean I Have Panic Disorder? Having panic attacks does not necessarily mean that a person has panic disorder. People who have panic disorder experience recurring and unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are also common among other anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, PTSD,  and specific phobias. How to Tell If Panicky Symptoms Are a Sign of Disorder Are Panic Attacks Treatable? Panic attacks are a treatable condition. Typically, treatment options involve a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Medications include benzodiazepines, a type of anti-anxiety medication that can provide rapid relief for panic symptoms. Psychotherapy can help you explore your fears and learn to manage your frightening physical sensations. There are also numerous self-help strategies for getting through a panic attack. Some of the more common techniques include: Breathing exercisesProgressive muscle relaxationVisualizationDesensitization If you are experiencing panic attacks, it is important that you seek out professional help. The sooner you are treated, the more likely you will be able to get some relief and begin to manage your panic attacks. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

African Americans A Racially Equal Society - 1613 Words

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More African Americans are incarcerated for minor offenses in comparison to their white counterparts. A black American is likely to be stopped in traffic and thereafter detained for minor traffic offenses compared to a white American. This means that they are likely to get a fast conviction, which taints their record making it easier to be convicted for other offenses. Consequently, the justice system, has not favored them; neither has balance or equity been observed in the courts following the poor legal representation, biased laws, and the negative perception by the judicialShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling : A National Epidemic Of Violent Crime1598 Words   |  7 Pagesnational epidemic of violent crime. It is a fact that African American males are targeted more than any other race. 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Functional Health Pattern Community Assessment - 2109 Words

Functional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide Functional Health Pattern (FHP) Template Directions: This FHP template is to be used for organizing community assessment data in preparation for completion of your collaborative learning community (CLC) assignment. Address every bulleted statement in each section with data or rationale for deferral. You may also add additional bullet points if applicable to your community. Value/Belief Pattern Predominant ethnic and cultural groups along with beliefs related to health. Predominant spiritual beliefs in the community that may influence health. Availability of spiritual resources within or near the community (churches/chapels, synagogues, chaplains, Bible studies,†¦show more content†¦Immunization rates (age appropriate). Appropriate death rates and causes, if applicable. Prevention programs (dental, fire, fitness, safety, etc.): Does the community think these are sufficient? Available health professionals, health resources within the community, and usage. Common referrals to outside agencies. QUESTIONS 1.Are there health problems within your community that you know of I don’t get involve in health situations of members except those who tell me and ask for prayers, I will say high blood pressure amongst the older adults 2.Are children and adult in your community adequately immunized and how do you ensure this. Members are asked about the immunization status of their children when they are registered for children’s church because they will be with other children. So far we have not had any issues 3.How many deaths have you had within last 2years and what are the causes In the last 2 years we had 2 deaths of adults less than 40 years old due to cancer 4.Does your community participate in disease prevention programs like fitness, dental care, fire drills. Once a year we organize a 5K run/walk that includes church members and Roswell community. 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Gordon’s 11 functional health patterns consist of values/health perception, nutrition, sleep/restRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1537 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Health Assessment Melody Moore Grand Canyon University NRS-429V Instructor: Renita Holmes May 10th 2013 Family Health Assessment A comprehensive family assessment provides a foundation to promote family health (Edelmanamp;Mandle, 2011).Gordon’s functional health patterns is a method developed by Marjorie Gordon in 1987 in which she proposed functional health patterns as a guide to establishing a comprehensive data base.(Kriegleramp;Harton,1992).Gordon’s eleven functional health patternsRead MoreHeritage Assessment Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Health Assessment For this health assessment assignment the system theory was used on a family member from the African American decent as a way of assessing the family as a whole and not an individual. The â€Å"Systems theory explains patterns of living among the individuals who make up family systems†( Edelman, 2010, p. 173). The family member was interviewed and open ended family questions that focused on the eleven functional health patterns were asked. The eleven functional health patternsRead MoreFamily Assessment, Gordon 11 health patterns1254 Words   |  6 Pages The Harris Family Assessment Dana Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V November 16, 2013 The Harris Family Assessment Health practices are activities performed by individuals or families as a whole to promote health and prevent disease. Health practices vary from family to family and nurses play a pivotal role in promoting health for the family. Families identify and perform health-maintenance activities based on their perceptions about their health because their choicesRead Morefamily health assessment1396 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment A family consists of a group of interacting individuals related by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption who interdependently perform relevant functions by fulfilling expected roles. (Edelman, Kudzma, Mandle, 2014, p. 150) The family has various functions that include teaching members’ values, morals and beliefs as they relate to health practices. Health can be defined as a complete state of wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease. Gordon’s functional healthRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1150 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant role in the paradigm of health promotion for the patient. The roles in which the family plays in assisting the patient and providing care are crucial to the health of the patient and the well being of the family as a whole. One tool to assess not only a patient and their views on different aspects of health, but an entire family or even community is Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns. This assessment tool incorporates eleven topics of health patterns. Health patterns of families evolve and are

Is the Constitution a Living Document Free Essays

â€Å"Is the Constitution a living document? † Well the meaning of the living document is the provisions by which it may be altered in order to remain current, address unforeseen circumstances and make legal provisions for those accordingly. By being a â€Å"living† document, the Constitution has grown and expanded, and now ensures women and minorities the right to vote among many other things. Most justices agree that the writers of the Constitution prudently chose to write this document in general terms so that modern-day justices can still apply its precepts to a world with changing laws, attitudes, and conditions through successive generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Constitution a Living Document? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes first advanced the concept of a living Constitution in 1920 in his opinion on the case, Missouri VS Holland. A second, and more controversial, view of a living Constitution contends that when the elected legislative and administrative agents of the government fail to redress a wrong or solve a particular social problem, then the courts may act to remedy the situation through the process of judicial review. Our written Constitution, the document under glass in the National Archives, was adopted 220 years ago. It can be amended, but the amendment process is very difficult. The most important amendments were added to the Constitution almost a century and a half ago, in the wake of the Civil War, and since that time many of the amendments have dealt with relatively minor matters. The American Constitution is long-lived, has enduring qualities, and was intended for many decades. The living document was founded on enduring principles, and was based on the authority of a people who are sovereign has been attested to by many of its leaders. That it can be changed when, and if, the people ordain such change is a part of its own provisions. For these reasons, it can be said to be a â€Å"Living Constitution†. How to cite Is the Constitution a Living Document?, Essay examples

Unhappy Event free essay sample

Whether you are persuading or arguing, presenting a particular point of view, summarizing the points of another text, evaluating, analyzing, investigating (researching a thesis or dissertation) or simply telling a story (narrating), the basic structure is always the same. It is a process and by recognizing the steps that are involved you will find that the essay will almost write itself – almost, that is, as long as you remain focused on the process. Essays are no different from any other document, letters or reports for example, in that they consist of an opening (an introduction), a middle (body) and a closing section (conclusion). First you need to decide on your topic and write down your main statement. Next, write an outline of the main points you want to cover and then, under each of the main points list the sub-points. Under the sub-points write down what you wish to say about those items. We will write a custom essay sample on Unhappy Event or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once you have done this, by looking at what you have written – from sub-points up through the main points, to the main statement – you will see that you have a clear and logical structure to your essay. Think of it as painting a picture. If you have followed the process, then at this stage filling in the details should happen easily and naturally. When your draft is completed, it is time to edit your work to maximize its impact and ensure that you have effectively expressed your thoughts. Read it through, revise and correct it where necessary. It is at this point that you will probably realize there are some problems – there always are, even the most professional writers need to edit their essays. You have done the research, explored the theme, and drafted your document, but it still reads like a series of points rather than the coherent and fluid paper you were hoping for. Maybe some sentences are awkward, word choices may not be the best, and transitions from one point to the next are a bit bumpy – and you have no idea how to edit an essay. Enter WordsRU Academic Editing! Our online essay editing and proofreading services will verify that your paper is free from grammatical, spelling, typographical and punctuation errors. . In addition to ensuring the final product is a grammatically correct essay, your essay editor will also fix the formatting, and provide suggestions to help you strengthen your key points, make effective word choices, and improve the overall impact, flow and continuity of your discussion. In short, we edit – you take the credit!

The Struggles of Independent Artists free essay sample

Natheesh The music industry is one of the biggest industries in the world today. With millions of people listening to some of the best singers; music has become a need for people today. There are many genres of music with floods of artists filling them. You have Justin Bieber who leads all singers in the pop category, in fan support. There is also country music, which is led by Taylor Swift. Rap is another big genre, which has many great rappers. Some include Lil Wayne and Eminem. These artists make it hard for independent artists to showcase their talent. Loads of upcoming and current artists make it hard for independent artists to have a successful career. Independent artists have a lot of competition to go through to have a successful career. They need talent in music and they need an interest in the music industry. They need to work hard and overcome the obstacles they face. We will write a custom essay sample on The Struggles of Independent Artists or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Independent artists today have many obstacles in getting their music produced and heard; these include financial difficulties, difficulty in getting their music on the radio, and the censorship and banning of their music. The biggest obstacle in an independent artists career is developing it. This is because if they do not have the necessary amount of money needed, they will have no music to sell. Most Independent artists do not spend their money wisely, which results in failure. They either, blow money on unnecessary services, waste time in getting their music published, or simply do not have the amount of money needed to create their music. Ribas Vinny wrote about this topic. He talks about what artists do with their money and he offers ideas for the artists to improve their financial capabilities. Here is what he wrote. Many artists are under-funded and so they can’t purchase the tools they need or hire the help they need. Sometimes this is a result of lack of funds to begin with. Sometimes it is because the available funds are not spent wisely. Successful artists know that they need to constantly invest and reinvest in their act. They establish a budget and stick with it. They raise capital if it is necessary, whether it comes from investors, crowd sourcing, a loan or some sort of enterprising venture. If they are not good at managing their money, they hire someone who is. They do not let money, or the lack of it stop them. (Vinny, 15 Reasons Why Some Indie Artists Fail And Others Succeed). Producing music is extremely expensive also. The more money artists put in their promotion, the more people will listen to their music. Artists need to decide on which path to take. They can either put loads of money in their song, or they can work hard and do many social interactions with future listeners. If they plan on selling an album, it can cost them plenty of money. Bar Scott wrote about how much this can cost. Scott says says she spent up to $54K in bringing her album to the store. Here is what she went through to get her album out. To date, I have spent about $54k on Parachute. That means that I have to sell 5400 units at an average of $10 per CD to break even. It’s worth noting here that I have not gotten paid at all for my part of this project. That will happen when I pay off the investors who invested the 50k that I spent so handily, and the additional 4k I put on my credit card to make up the difference. (Scott, How Much Does it Cost to Make a CD in 2006? ). Although this was published in 2006, the cost to produce an album today, most likely, exceeds the amount Scott talks about. Artists can get an idea of how much it takes to make a album from her article. $54K is extremely difficult to get. Many artists will also feel uncomfortable to use this money, because there is a risk involved. Artists cannot always make their money back. They can get a loss, and lose some of the money they put in. If an artist wants to become successful they would have to take the risk, even if they have some doubts. Artists will have to get their music on the radio to sell their copies, which is an whole other obstacle of its own. Artists also have a difficulty in getting their music played by their local radio stations. Most radio stations play the music that is much more popular. This leaves independent artists in the dust. This is because of the numerous famous artists, crowd the radio stations, leaving no room for the independent artists. Marie Michaels writes in an article that you have to have amazing music just to compete with the major artists. She states reasons why. She says Indies typically have no issues remembering they have to compete against established artists for airplay. If they forget, there will always be someone at a radio station who will remind them. Established artists have the backing of major labels, so their music can be so-so and still get airplay, while an indies good music will be tossed to the reject pile. For an indie to win some much coveted airtime, their music has to outstanding, truly special, not just good. Michaels, Independent Artists: How to Get Radio Airplay). This shows that independent artists have to put all their effort in, even to get consideration, in being on the radio. Another reason why artists can’t get radio airtime is because of Clear Channel. They are the multi-million dollar company that owns the most radio stations. In the Clear Channels Statistic article on S taticsbrain it tells how many stations Clear Channel owns. It says â€Å"Clear Channel is the largest radio station group owner in the United States, both by number of stations and by revenue. The 850 stations reach more than 110 million listeners every week. † If artists get rejected by one radio station owned by Clear Channel, they will probably get rejected by all of Clear Channels other radio stations. So for artists to be successful they need to be accepted by Clear Channel. These radio stations get a load of listeners. If artists are lucky enough to get some time, people who listen to the song and like it, will impulse buy it. So the more radio time they get, the higher more sales they get for their album. Even if they get radio airtime, some artists’ music might get censored. Some songs tend to get banned and censored. This may be because of the views shown in the song or the fact that the song contains loads of violence in it. Most of the music that was banned from the public were songs to do with politics. For example many songs were banned by Clear Channel after 9/11, because A senior executive at giant radio conglomerate Clear Channel Communications distributed a memo to all 1300 Clear Channel stations. This memo included a list of 150 songs with inappropriate lyrics. (Feldman Music Thats Been Banned). Some of the songs that were banned include What a Wonderful World, R. E. M’s It’s the End of the World as We Know It, and Kansas Dust in the Wind. This greatly affects independent artists, because their views may not be allowed, o be expressed, because of the restrictions of their music. Another reason why songs may get banned is becuase of violence. They can get banned because of the use of sex, drugs, or profanity. Most songs are even censored. This hurts the artist, because their song may not express its message with the song being censored. Trishool Trident wrote about why Hip-Hop music should not be censored. Hip Hop music has always been controversial. This is often as a result of the sensual beats and explicit lyrics, Hip Hop music claims to be the soul of the street. It signifies how real individuals in the streets speak, walk, behave and live. Hip Hop music is all concerning reality. Real lyrics! Its not regarding social welfare although it will be but to ask a rapper to tone down his reality because it goes against the grain of politically correct society isnt the means to get his attention. This article is regarding freedom of expression in Hip Hop music. (Trident Hip Hop Music Should Not Be Censored). He shares that he thinks rappers should be free to express their feeling. Artists should be able to express their music freely, without other people ruining their message. The obstacle their artists as to face, is the fact they have to change their song to something more appropriate, without ruing the message. Independent artists will have to go through any type of obstacles to be successful; these include money problems, radio airtime, and the restrictions of their music. Artists will have to control their money wisely and take a risk in using it. They would also have to push hard for radio airtime. They should also try and change the restrictions of their music or not let it change the meaning of their music. In any case, the arguments in this essay, can go for anyone doing anything. This is because; the essay states what obstacles the artists have to go through. This can be applied to other people in other industries. It could persuade them to use money wisely, fight for what is right, and to be more completive in what you are doing. People will always face obstacles when trying to become successful. They just have to fight through it and get what they want. WORKS CITED Ribas, Vinny. 15 Reasons Why Some Indie Artists Fail And Others Succeed.   Indie Connect. N. p. , 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. lt;http://indieconnect. com/15-reasons-indie-artists-fail-succeed/gt;.. Scott, Bar. Article: How Much Does It Cost to Make a CD?   Article: How Much Does It Cost to Make a CD? N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. lt;http://barscott. com/articles/cost_of_cd. shtmlgt;. Michaels, Marie . Independent Artists: How to Get Radio Airplay (Part One).   Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. lt;http://voices. yahoo. com/independent-artists-radio-airplay-part-12048542. tml? cat=3gt;. Feldman, Elliot. Music Thats Been Banned.   Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. lt;http://voices. yahoo. com/music-thats-been-banned-482769. html? cat=33gt;. Trident, Trishool. Music Thats Been Banned.   Yahoo! Contributor Network. N. p. , 08 Mar. 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. lt;http://voices. yahoo. com/music-thats-been-banned-482769. html? cat=33gt;. Clear Channel Company Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. N. p. , 31 July 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. lt;http://www. statisticbrain. com/clear-channel-company-statistics/gt;.

Enthnography of Poker Game Essays

Enthnography of Poker Game Essays Enthnography of Poker Game Essay Enthnography of Poker Game Essay Hunter Smith 11/04/2010 Anth- E 200 Ethnography Paper All-In: Americanization of Males around the Poker Table Card games have been a staple of many western cultures and historically equivalents are found across the globe. Poker, with arguably go-fish and, is the most popular and widely played game today. The old saying , â€Å"All you need to play this game is a chip and a chair† holds very true and has allowed poker to be played by pros, amateurs, and everybody in-between and the â€Å"Poker Boom† of the 90’s has expanded the game even further. People commonly seen as dead-beat, degenerate gamblers are now seen as legitimate professionals in the likes of Phil Hellmuth, Tony G. , and so on. A result of this â€Å"boom† has been a new generation, particularly high school and even more so college students, playing this game on a fairly routine basis with a small to moderately sized group of friends (Holden 35). The premise of the game is every player sets out with an amount of chips either an all equal amount or based on how much the individual player pays in (Cash game) and the point is to be the last man standing-you having all the chips and no other player remains. The most popular variant of this game, (And the one used in this ethnography) is No Limit Texas- Hold ‘em. Each player is dealt two cards; there is a preliminary round of betting and then three cards come out of the deck called the Flop and another round of betting; then if more than one player remain in another card called the Turn is dealt on the board out and another round of betting occurs; and if there is still more than one person still in the last card or the River is put on the board and a final round of betting occurs-best five card hands wins if two players or more remain in through the last round of betting. The No Limit in No Limit Texas Hold’em simply means that a player at any time can bet as much as he wants all the way to â€Å"going all in† or betting all this chips and the player can do this at any time during a round including pre-flop (Before the Flop is dealt). While the game does appear fairly simple, testifying from personal experience, it is very, very complex and much more complicated than what it appears on the surface with a very large set of vocabulary, rules, plays, strategies and I will keep the game-specific terminology at a minimum and see to it to give just the needed explanations when needed. This paper not about the game of poker itself but explores the interactions between participating members. The point of this research is to examine how the game acts as a medium for socialization. This idea is based on a symbolic-interactionism approach which is a widely accepted paradigm that argues that a culture of a society is maintained at a micro level through interactions between individuals and small groups. Now, that does not necessarily dismiss the large social structures and other more macro level influences and their impact on culture but that one can look at a smaller scale and see that culture not only plays itself out but that it maintains itself by having members of the society reiterate and play out the ideals of the culture when they are interacting with others. Key elements of what it means to be an American male are very present during this game and it’s very clear there is peer socialization occurring just in this informal five dollar card game. Now this paper is taking a very androcentric paper and that is not to say that female poker players don’t exist or that they are not as â€Å"interesting† but this is a very much a male dominated game (Which is changing) and gender socialization is so different between males and females that it would mandate two separate papers. It should also be noted that like many other activities people find it necessary get money on the line and turn it into gambling. Gambling will not be explored in this paper and the game used for this paper the participants did all put five dollars into a â€Å"pot† and winner takes pot minus five dollars for second place. The gambling aspect seems very minor and basically insignificant for the direction of this paper and really did not seem all too important to the players either, and more or less only seemed like a means to make the game more authentic feeling and add a dash of validity to the game. Nailing down a culture is silly. A culture is very large and general varies based on numerous factors including race, education, etc. etc. So all these â€Å"traits† of the typical American male are very â€Å"loose† and in now manner what so ever are they absolutes-found in every member of a society. They are general patterns found in a culture that sociologist, anthropologist, and other social scientist recognize in American culture holistically. The â€Å"traits† used is in this paper are beer, aggression, individualism, and a sense of â€Å"outsiders† and the paper will not argue if these are true or not-these are widely accepted characteristics found in American culture and particularly male culture and instead I show these things are literally being acted out by players in the game. On October 19th five of my close friends where at my house socializing and decided to play a game of poker and I had been waiting on this to happen so I could observe. I did not want this to be set up or planned and to have this occur spontaneously but purely by will of the players of the game. The five players will be referred to as D, J, S, M, and A. The living room is where the game is almost always held and tonight was no exception. D and J sat on one couch, while, S and M sat on anther and an office chair was pulled out of a room for A to sit. They all circled the table and played the regular game of No Limit Texas Hold’em, something that occurs about once a week. I a sat on a sofa chair about just outside the circle with paper and pen taking notes. Now a second game occurred where a dorm mate of M who found out about the game and wanted to play and this second game was played shortly after the first ended and this made for great observation because the dorm mate who will be called O had never meet anyone and M and O were not friends, with O more an acquaintance of M’s. A major issue with this methodology is a small sample space-this was a small group 5-6 people been observed for around 2 and half hours one time. One could seemingly right a much longer paper on all the limitations but a lot of them originate from not enough date and not enough study. Four of the members are self-described Caucasian and the other two are self –described Indian-Americans but one could write all day about what about representation for other races, ethnicity, religion, socio-economic statues, and so on and so on, but this was what was available to work with and attempting to â€Å"create† a better scenario is very unscientific and very wrong to the core of what you are attempting to do. It’s analogous to studying bird behavior-you can’t artificially force a flock of birds to move to a new area because it is interference and you can’t claim a â€Å"natural result† Also, I was not a complete participant as in the players all knew I was observing them and would on an occasion reference me, usually jokingly, and what I was doing and attempt to talk directly with me. I did not have a set of cultural traits I was going to examine before the observation so that is a major constraint on information I collected during the research. I did not count a specific time something occurred or how what exactly was said something occurred because I was not specifically looking for it but I can approximate and at least make confident statements about what happened. There is also the common problems with doing a ethnography for example lack of quantitative data or requiring one to almost get into the operation of one’s mind in order to understand what is going on. Humans are very difficult to read and you can’t confidently say â€Å"This is what he/she was thinking† or â€Å"This is what he/she felt† even if that person tells you that. This road bump holds especially true with observing poker- a game founded on deception, lying, and intimidation. While the five members of the first game got the chips counted and everything set up I noticed the first trait to present itself and this before the cards even hit the air. S had gotten some Chicago Ale a few days earlier and when he came out and opened one he asked if anybody else wanted one everyone else said yes but J sort of moaned and really didn’t see that interested. I am good friends with J and know he does not like to drink beer-he hates the taste but after S sort of looked at him and asked with a slightly angry tone asked, â€Å"What? † J shrugged and said, â€Å"Ahhh why not†. If someone asked you if you wanted a Coke and you hate Coke you wouldn’t say yes, so why did they say yes? What is odd is S also does not like to drink since he is a smaller guy and it fills him up quickly, but as soon as everyone was seated and the first dealer was about to be picked he lifted a bottle and grinned and said, â€Å"A manly, man’s drink† in a slightly comical tone but it says something about how the players seen beer/ale. Gregg Smith writes on Beer is very much an art form-from its production to different flavors and how particularly in Europe localities had their own unique beverage and it acted as an agent of social cohesion and that American was founded by these very diverse peoples and groups had to try and retain their identity and, †Immigrants had their own language but they also had their drink of choice†¦{and} and a very good way to get a community to rejoice and praise their heritage is to get together and drink all night† (Smith 55-56). The American male has had a long relationship with beer but I also think beers persistence as a cultural staple also has to be credited to genius marketing. Coke a Cola can thank a century worth of fantastic marketing to its undying success. Coke’s greatest strategy is connecting itself with other aspects of people’s lives-a great example being Christmas. Coke has intertwined itself with Christmas so when the average American is getting set for Christmas Coke is an automatic part of Christmas. Beer has done the exact same thing most notably sports. Beer companies have advertised so much and so well that drinking a beer is just an automatic part of enjoying sports. The players followed suite exactly. They always had to have a beer at hand, and it was almost always was in their hand. D and S in particular would go long times without drinking but would still have the beer in a hand most of that time. Inebriation was not a part of it since none of them had anywhere hear enough to anything but very slight effects of alcohol, to them the drink is an intricate part of the game and being social; if you don’t do it then you are just not acting right. If poker was all about who got the best hand this time around if would not be much of a game at all. Bluffing or intimidating an opponent (s) to fold a hand and win the pot is a central aspect of the game. Doing so means being aggressive; you can’t get someone to fold if you never bet or If you always call and never re-raise. What was intriguing about the game is players would make an aggressive move apparently not for the sake of the game but purely being aggressive to be aggressive. Early in a game blinds are low and the pots are very small and the game is much less serious-players don’t bluff, little intimidation, and even for someone who has never played it is very easy to see that at certain hands nobody has anything and one player obviously has the winning hand. This is common for even professionals for the first five to six hands, but what happened in both games was the player who very obviously had the best hand when the others had nothing at all would make a large, large bet. During the first game blinds were at 50-100 and nobody had bet all the way to the turn and it clear D had caught something (Turned out to be a straight) and he made a 800 chip bet and he said it very sternly, he even appeared to sit more erect when he made the bet. You can’t argue that this was long term tactic to show aggression early so that when the game became serious he would be more intimidating because none of the other players even seemed interested or took notice at all. A actually folded when he could of just checked-and M had his cards already in hand ready to throw them to the next dealer while he had a conversation with A about something regarding the Library at night. All the players did this at some point D was just the best example. Aggression heavily culturally influenced and the work done by Richard Snipes shows that cultures do greatly vary in terms of male aggression (Trotter 251). Aggression is ingrained in American culture. Benjamin Franklin once commented that Americans were a more aggressive people than their European counterparts. Explaining why America has instilled an element of personal aggression in its culture mainly is answer by evolution-America was a frontier and the first settlers had to be aggressive, hardy, and resilient to survive a new world (Burchfield 175). It may seem that this is not really an example of interaction considering that it is 100% full sided-one individual doing something and no one else responding, but it still a social behavior. D and the others did this for a reason. What they got out of it is entirely different-it could be to get sort of emotional boost or maybe it a sense of competition among males. The point it’s not to explain why there is aggression in American males; the point is that a group of men engaging in a common activity are, seemingly unaware, practicing socialization. Aggression is correlated by another characteristic of American culture that being individualism. American culture and particularly the American male has very commonly been illustrated as the man. Pulling himself by his boot straps and no concerning himself with any other man’s boots† (Burchfield 35). Having a strong individualist spirit only requires a strong personal work ethic and putting yourself and your interest before that of a larger group-that being society. The commonly used antithesis of this is early 20th century Japan which is the textbook example of conformism and lived by the saying, â€Å"The nail that sticks out gets the hammer† (Burchfield 41). This American ideal also mandates for, in simple terms, a person to mind his own business. I found that very prevalent looking back on my notes. Occasionally there would be disputes over someone not shuffling well enough or lifting the cards to high or when someone was out of a hand and would make a noise of anger or relief (This helps someone still in the game know that one less card is out there. If you think that you opponent caught a set of threes and then someone out of the hand says â€Å"Guess who had a three† then you know there is a less likely chance your remaining opponent(s) have a three in their hand). These disputes could get heated but never anything potentially volatile. What I noticed is that when two members would start up any attempt to drag a third or more member to your cause was always unfruitful. Nobody would ever get themselves involved in the quarrel. They were as Burchfield puts it, â€Å"combative neutrals† (Burchfield 48). They would not just sit quietly with their eyes on the floor acting as though they were playing opossum, but if things got heated they would either start a conversation with somebody else or would laugh at the two quarreling players. Anytime a quarreler tried to pull them in they would immediately get scornful and say â€Å"Shut the hell up† or â€Å"I don’t give a s#^t†. The most interesting point was during the second game M and A were arguing because M had gotten the same cards from his last hand and the flop had two of the three same cards including suite. M started to call A out for never shuffling the cards and every time he deals cards repeat. They kept bickering all the way till the next flop of M’s deal came out and then D started to harass A and agree with M and what was so odd was that S instantly told D to basically mind his own . That is downright amazing. America is the poster child for an individualist culture and yet we seem to forget that a nation is made up of people and that one can see the key traits of an entire nation on the personal level right in your living room and see that we encourage this practice and also chastise anyone who deviates from that. The second game with O was a first and I wish I could have done more with it but it was sort of out of the blue and I really did not come up with a concept until after the research. When it was announced O was coming there was groans and moans but then someone said that â€Å"We can take his money†. There is a sense of â€Å"us and them†. He is seen as an outsider-someone not part of the group who is invading the sanctity of the game. There is definitely something to be studied there. Most of American history the US was not a world power and very much an isolationist nation. It seem somewhat paradoxically to have a individualistic nation that also sees itself as â€Å"us and then them†, but just because a culture puts emphasis on the individual does not mean that there is content or dislike between that culture’s members or that they also lack less unity and oneness and I think this can be expanded much more. During the last 10-15 years there has been so much talk about the globalization of culture and how technology is making the world smaller but this very small bleep of an ethnography illustrates-culture is acted out and starts with individuals doing common activities-not the internet or global institutions. A poker game acts as a great medium for the American male culture to be reaffirmed. The players are not puppets to some great all powerful â€Å"Culture† but are behaving as they have been socialized to behave, but humans are not programmable machines and culture is able to perpetuate because through our interactions with other socialized members we are constantly being retaught the values, symbols, norms, etc. that our culture has evolved. Burchfield, Henri. Stripes: What American Society Does. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 1985. Print. Holden, Anthony. A Bigger Deal: Year Inside the Poker Boom. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008. Print. Smith, Gregg. Beer: A History of Suds and Civilization from Mesopotamia to Microbreweries. New York: Avon Books, 1995. Print. Trotter, Robert. â€Å"War: Anthropologists and Sociologist Ask Whether Warfare and Aggression Are Inherited or Learned† Science News 104. 16 (1973): 250-251. JSTOR. Web. 31 Oct. 2010

What is collective efficacy and, how, if at all does it affect local Essay

What is collective efficacy and, how, if at all does it affect local crime rates - Essay Example far as collective efficacy is concerned then crime is actually any harmful act or criminal offense which might be injurious for a particular individual or the entire community. Local crime has a very strong relationship with collective efficacy as it is drastically increasing today in the world while collective efficacy is becoming essential to reduce the crime. Hence it is clearly evident that they both are interlinked with one another. However, the impact of collective efficacy over the crime rates and the critical aspects of their relationship are still unidentified. This paper aims to analyze collective efficacy from different perspectives including all of its influencing factors, how it initiates in a society and what are its possible consequences. Moreover, its affect over the local crime rate would be argued so as to make a conclusion that either the prevalence of collective efficacy in the modern societies will reduce the local crime rate or this would have rather an unnotice d impact. Since this paper is based upon local crime statistics and the general phenomenon of collective efficacy therefore the argument is made considering all the secondary sources including journal articles. These articles have focused upon previous researches in the same area while they have also given a very clear outlook on the criminal world. Thus they have been significantly used to build the argument and also to make the convincing conclusions based on practical ideas. Here, people often misunderstand that crime or criminal activities are linked with the personal attributes of an individual however, the reality is far different from this assumption. It was considered appropriate to present arguments in the paper which will be helpful in understanding organizational and social characteristics of a society which are actually associated with the increasing/decreasing crime rate (Sampson, 1997, p.918). The overall research and critical analysis of collective efficacy reveals that

Plastic Waste Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plastic Waste - Research Paper Example Plastics have only been in circulation in the last 100 years, but its harmful effect on the health and lives of people and marine life is increasingly becoming severe. Globally, it is estimated that more than 500 billion of plastic bags are consumed every year. Currently, in the United States alone, Americans are throwing 100 billion plastic bags every year which is roughly equivalent to 12 million gallons of oil as plastic are made from carbon drawn from petroleum (Mcnamee). Moreover, it is estimated that more than 350 tons of plastic waste are disposed directly into the sea world wide.A single plastic bag takes more than a hundred years before it breaks down. It is durable and very convenient to use and seemingly very harmless. Ironically, the single plastic bag, which was use to put on the classy shoe or bag that we purchase on the mall can cause the lives of several animals. Can we imagine how much damage the billion of plastic bags and other plastic waste can do to marine lives and to our own health? Plastic Waste as Threat to Marine lifeIn 1997 during a Transpacific Yacht Race, between California and Hawaii, Captain Charles Moore accidentally discovered what is now known as the TRASH VORTEX or the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in the Pacific Ocean. The trash vortex is approximately twice the size of Texas and four times the size of Germany in Pacific Ocean which is filled with various floating plastic waste from old toys, golf balls, kayaks, plastic bottles and a lot more. which will not be able to decay in our lifetime. Besides to the floating trash vortex, it is assumed that 70% of the plastic waste sinks into sea bottom. According to Greenpeace, approximately 110 pieces of plastic waste were to be found per square kilometer at the sea bottom. It is calculated that a total of 600,000 tons of plastic waste are found at the bottom of the North Sea alone (Greenpeace). Plastic bags entangle birds which eventually strangled them death as they are unable to free themselves. Sea animals and other marine mammals have mistakenly eaten plastic, which causes their eventual death. According to a study conducted by marine biologist at the University of Kiel in Germany, 93% of the 180 dead birds which has been collected along the German shoreline, has been found to have plastic waste inside their stomachs (Altnau).In Australia, a crocodile named Whitey, which was part of a government wildlife tracking program was found dead and upon autopsy was

Robotic Cultivation System Design

Robotic Cultivation System Design Abstract Population of the world is growing rapidly and this rapid growth demands more food. Due to the advancement and revolution boost in petrochemical industries, the agriculture industry also have some developments, but at the cost of soil, environment, and our health. The conventional agriculture industry needs sustainability, improvement, robustness, and automation. Moreover, to keep pace with the requirements, we require machinery support that can perform its tasks more precisely and swiftly, according to the given instruction. In our proposed idea of Robotic Cultivation System, the crux objective is to flourish your garden without any supervision of the farmers. This system works effectively in such areas where farmers face difficulties in farming. The system is designed to perform many tasks including weeding tool, soil moisture, seed injecting, and watering. All these parameters are remotely accessible through any device and continues update of the aforementioned parameters on the w ebsite. Robotic Cultivation System can operate on grid as well as on renewable solar energy. However, it can be scalable from your backyard to agriculture industry. Subsequently, due to less energy consumption and its vital properties, Robotic Cultivation System will be a great revolution in agribusiness. Introduction Pakistan is an agricultural country, where cultivation plays a vital role to maintain the economy. Population of our country is growing rapidly and this rapid growth demands more food. The number of agriculture universities and lack of awareness and research, also has a great influence on the production of food. Developing countries are converting farmer hardship into modern scientific methods by using automation that works more accurately, swiftly, and produce more yield per acre. Farmers waste a lot of water to irrigate their lands which affects the growth of crops, therefore the new conventional paradigm has to devise some method to control the wastage of water. The inadequate quality control measures and poor seeding also affects the augmentation of food production. All these repercussions need to be revamped in order to get fresh and healthy crops. Moreover, through research and past knowledge we can use less human struggle to cover more land per cultivation reducing hectic and tiresome practices. The use of chemicals, which are being used to kill pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, also needs to be curbed, as these chemicals lead to serious health hazards. Limited and unleveled land with low per acre yield are prominent factors which we are facing in production of food crops. Now-a- days engineers have designed various methods which can help the farmers to overcome these limitations and increase food production. Being an agricultural country, we need a lot of improvement and prosperity to overcome the major problems in cultivation system of Pakistan. When presented with the current food production system one cannot look past how broken it is. We have surrendered our knowledge in control over, how our food been produced and as a result we are destroying our health and the environment. We have to change that by an idea of new pyridine of food production. The idea lies in the intersection of automation, the open source DIY maker movement and small scale polygraph farming. The Robotic Cultivation System is designed to move around X, Y, and Z space, day and night, seven days a week growing food. The system precisely sows seeds in any pattern and density you want and waters them efficiently, the exact amount that each plant needs based on its type, according to the plants age, soil, local weather conditions and your growing preferences. The Robotic Cultivation System can grow variety of crops, all in the same area, at the same time. Each plant is cared individually in an optimize and automated way. By growing many type of plants at onc e, your garden will benefit from the natural advantages of poly cropping and croporation. Using the onboard camera and advance computer vision software, the system intelligently monitors your garden. With the soil sensor, it tells how your gardens moisture level changes over time, enabling smarter and more efficient farming with each passing season. By this system your garden will flourish, and your plants will frieze. Moreover, you can control Robotic Cultivation System with powerful web based interface. The hardware design of the system is scalable, from your backyard to agriculture industry. Also, it can operate on renewable solar power. The system is perfect to get started in a small space, can be placed outdoors or in a green house or even on a roof top. Objectives Construction and Implementation of Cultivation Robot. It has two operating nodes, off grid and on grid. Remote access through any device and continues update of four parameters such as, moisture of soil before and after watering, quantity of water, and parameter measuring time stamp on website. Online access of weather conditions of the area to define the watering pattern for different vergtion in order to maintain moisture level of the area. Cost analysis of the project based on the real time data collected parameter in step number three. Optional Yield a vegetation pattern of a person and recommend to grow vegetable needed for the person for food using age, blood sugar, and weight. One person has the input over the cycle of one year (Diet Chart). Plant inspection using Digital Image Processing.

Drawing Essay

I believe drawing is the single most important skill for any visual artist to acquire, whether they are a painter, illustrator, graphic designer, or fashion designer. It is simply the act of â€Å"seeing† made visual. When one learns how to draw, what they are really learning is the ability to see more clearly and communicate what they see or can imagine. As such, drawing is a tool for study, and communication even before it is a tool for making art. When you draw a picture, do you draw the character in blocks first or what? I just can’t seem to get my characters anatomically right. I saw your booklist on your site. Do you know of any books which teach you to draw the body in blocks? From Christine Lau I don’t draw â€Å"blocks† first when drawing a figure. Usually I’ll do a very loose, light, scribbly â€Å"gesture† drawing instead. If you want to learn the â€Å"blocks† method, try any of the books by George Bridgeman, Andrew Loomis, or the books by Robert Beverly Hale. (all are listed on my site) Avoid books by Burne Hogarth, (one of my old teachers) as they aren’t very accurate and can be very misleading. (note: Glenn Vilppu’s books are also an excellent source!) By far, the best book for anatomy though is the book by Stephen Rogers Peck (also on the site). There is no â€Å"quick fix† for drawing anatomy†¦it just takes a few years of study. Keep it up though, it’s worth it once you get a handle on it!!! p.s. Also, draw from live nude models as much as possible, that’s the best method to learn it. †¦What is the hardest thing to draw? From Everybody! Nothing is really harder or easier to draw in a mechanical sense. If a person can draw one thing, they are perfectly capable of drawing something else with the same degree of accuracy. The problem is in the phrase â€Å"the same degree of accuracy.† If someone says they can draw, for instance, landscapes, but they can’t draw people, what they are really saying is, â€Å"when I draw landscapes, I draw well enough that no one can tell what I’ve drawn incorrectly.† The reason people, and especially faces, are so difficult to draw is not because they themselves are any harder to draw than a tree. What changes is our tolerance as viewers for any degree of inaccuracy. We are so intimately familiar with faces and their associated nuances, that the slightest deviation appears as a gross misproportion. Because of this, I am constantly demanding my students draw people, and especially self-portraits, because they effectively highlight any weak skill areas that need attention. My students erroneously believe it’s because I’m sadistic. †¦What purpose does drawing have for artists today? From Carole (Shropshire, United Kingdom) I think people often misrepresent drawing as a medium, or group of mediums, rather than an activity. I see drawing as the visual equivalent of language. It is simply the way we communicate ideas visually through a series of marks on a ground. So to rephrase the question, it is a little like asking â€Å"What purpose does speaking have for people today?† For both, the answer I would give is the communication of information. This information can take the form of ideas, thoughts, commentary, entertainment, or just literal facts, but for all of these, drawing is just the mode of transmission. How artfully this is done is another, separate, issue. In the case of artists specifically, it is the fastest and most efficient way to represent an idea visually. Far more immediate than any other way of doing it, a quickly drawn sketch or thumbnail is usually the â€Å"first look† an artist has at how they might execute an idea.

Types of Abuse/Signs & Symptoms

Types of Abuse/Signs & Symptoms ‘No Secrets' identifies categories of abuse. They are: Physical Abuse Abusive Action Signs & Symptoms Hitting. Slapping. Pushing. Kicking. Misuse of medication. Restraint. Inappropriate sanctions. Series of unexplained falls or major injuries. Injuries/bruises at different stages of healing. Bruising in unusual sites e. g. inner arms, thighs. Abrasions. Teeth indentations. Injuries to head or face. Client very passive. Sexual Abuse Abusive Action Signs & Symptoms Including rape and sexual assault or sexual acts to which the vulnerable adult has not consented, or could consent, or was pressured into onsenting. Change in behaviour. Overt sexual behaviour or language. Difficulty in walking, sitting. Injuries to genital and/or anal area. Neglect Abusive Action Signs & Symptoms Includes acts of omission. Ignoring physical or medical care needs. Failure to provide access to appropriate health, social care or educational services. Withholding necessitie s of life e. g. medications, nutrition, heating. Absence of food, heat, hygiene, clothing, comfort. Preventing client to have access to services. Isolation. Absence of prescribed medication. Psychological Abuse Abusive Action Signs & Symptoms Emotional abuse. Threats of harm or bandonment. Deprivation of contact. Humiliation, blaming, controlling, intimidation, coercion, harassment, verbal abuse, isolation or withdrawal from services or supportive networks. Withdrawal, depression. Cowering and fearfulness. Change in sleep patterns. Agitation, confusion, change in behaviour. Change in appetite/weight. Financial Abuse Abuse Action Signs & Symptoms Theft, fraud, exploitation. Pressure in connection with wills, property, inheritance or financial transactions. Misuse or misappropriation of property, possessions or benefits. Unpaid bills. Basic needs not being met. lack of cash on day to day basis. InstitutionalAbuse Abusive Action Signs & Symptoms Poor care standards, lack of positive responses to complex needs. Rigid routines. Inadequate staffing. Insufficient knowledge base within service. Inability to make choices or decisions. Agitation if routine broken. Disorientation. Patterns of challenging behaviour- Discriminatory Abusive Action Signs & Symptoms Racist, sexist, or that based on a person's disability. Other forms of harassment, slurs or similar treatment. Failure of agencies to ensure that staff receive adequate anti-discrimination practice training. Low self esteem. Withdrawal. Depression. Fear. Anger. Risk Indicators

Asdghjkl - 692 Words

http://www.darvill.clara.net/emag/index.htm also refer to Boardworks 2, 3 and 4 on the VLE 1. Which band of the electromagnetic spectrum has: | | (a) the longest wavelength? | Radio Waves | (b) the lowest frequency? | Radio Waves | (c) the shortest wavelength? | Gamma Rays | (d) the highest frequency? | Gamma Rays | (e) a wavelength just longer than red light? | Infra-Red | (f) a wavelength just shorter than violet light? | Ultra Violet | (g) a frequency higher than X-rays? | Gamma Rays | (h) a frequency lower than microwaves? | Radio Waves | (i) a wavelength in between infra-red and ultra-violet? | Visible Light | (j) a wavelength in between gamma rays and ultra-violet? | X Rays | (k) a frequency in between†¦show more content†¦| Violet, Indigo, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Red | 5. List the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum starting with the band of longest wavelength. | Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Indigo, Violet | 6. List the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum starting wi th the band of highest frequency. | Violet, Indigo, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Red | 7.(a) Which band of the electromagnetic spectrum is the most dangerous? | Gamma Rays | (b) List some of the effects on the human body of this radiation. | They cause mutations in growing tissues and cause cell damage and cause a variety of cancers. | 8.(a) Which band of the electromagnetic spectrum can be diffracted most easily? | Radio Waves | (b) Explain your answer. | Radio waves can be diffracted the easiest because they have the largest wavelength. | 9.Radio waves travel at 300 000 000 m/s through a vacuum. | (a) How long will radio waves take to reach the Moon if the Moon is 600 000 km from the Earth? | | (b) Calculate the frequency of radio waves that have wavelength 3.0m. (FM Radio Station) | | (c) Calculate the wavelength of radio waves that have frequency 200 kHz (Radio 4 LW) | | 10.Light travels at 300 000 000 m/s through a vacuum. | | (a) How long will light take to reach the Earth from the Sun if the Sun is 150 000 000 km from the Earth? | | (b) Calculate the frequency of red light that has a wavelength of 7.0 x 10 -7 m (0. 000 000 7m) | | (c) Calculate the wavelength of violet light that has